Effective strategy for polymer synthesis: multicomponent reactions and click polymerization

The rational selection of organic reactions in polymer synthesis is an important research content of polymer science. In recent years, multicomponent reaction as an efficient and green synthesis method has attracted the wide attention of researchers, injecting new and powerful vitality into the field of polymer synthesis. In the study of multicomponent reaction, researchers found the intersection of multicomponent reaction and click chemistry and put forward the concept of Multicomponent Click Reaction (MCR-Click), which is a kind of Multicomponent Reaction with high activity, atomic economy, and some green chemical properties. The application of MCR in polymer chemistry is reviewed in this paper. It is expected that this reaction will arouse the attention of polymer chemists and play a new role in polymer science.     

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》述评*

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》针对《新一代科学教育标准》的推行而修订,立足于科学教育最新研究成果,尤其突出学科内容知识的重要性,补充对科学本质和科学文化的要求,强化对工程和技术、交叉概念、学科观念的理解,突出学习进阶规律在科学教师培养中的应用。此外,在学科教学法、学习环境、安全、对学生学习的影响等维度做出相应的改动。该标准启示我国:借鉴国际改革趋势出台中国特色的科学教师培养标准,但科学教师培养也要本土化;学科内容知识对科学教师专业发展非常重要;科学教师的培养应立足于学习进阶的规律;职前科学教师培养需要注重学习环境建设。     

Restriction of Intramolecular Motion(RIM): Investigating AIE Mechanism from Experimental and Theoretical Studies

Mechanistic studies promote scientific development from phenomena to theories.Aggregation-induced emission(AIE),as an unusual photophysical phenomenon,builds the bridge between molecular science and aggregate mesoscience.With the twenty-year development of AIE,restriction of intramolecular motion(RIM)has been verified as the working mechanism of AIE effect.In this review,these mechanistic works about RIM are summarized from experimental and theoretical perspectives.Thereinto,the experimental studies are introduced from three parts:external rigidification,structural modification and structural characterization.In the theoretical part,calculations on the low-frequency motion of AIEgens have been performed to prove the RIM mechanism.By virtue of the theoretical calculations,some new mechanisms are proposed to supplement the RIM,such as restriction of access to conical intersection,suppression of Kasha transition,restriction of access to dark state,etc.It is foreseeable that the RIM mechanism will unify the photophysical theories for both molecules and aggregates,and inspire more progress in aggregate science.     

《高分子材料表面与界面》教学的探讨——海外教师主导的研究生全英文课程教学经验

浙江大学海外教师主导的研究生全英文课程建设项目于2013年开始进行建设,高分子科学与工程学系借此契机,在原研究生课程《高分子材料表面与界面》的基础上,邀请德国海德堡大学M.Grunze教授进行全英文教学。本课程旨在建设与国际接轨的,具有基础性、前沿性、交叉性且受益面广的全英文课程,提高高分子专业研究生的专业水平,扩大学生知识面,提高英语交流水平,同时培养一支具有国际化教学能力的中青年师资队伍。本文就该课程三年建设期以来的教学内容形式、课堂管理、学生学习体验等方面进行了总结,并针对研究生学习过程中存在的问题,结合当前我国研究生的基本现状,提出了一系列教学经验。     

文物保护领域中的化学

化学基本原理植根于各类材质文物的保护技术中,在文物保护领域有着重要的指导地位。以化学为代表的自然科学新方法与新技术,极大地丰富了文物保护的手段,为文物保护研究提供了广阔的发展空间。     

Enhanced Thermal Stability in SiO2/Carbon Filler Derived from Rice Husk via Microwave Treatment for Electronic Packaging Application

Here we report the effect of microwave treatment on a silica–carbon (SiO₂ /C) filler derived from rice husk and the function of the microwave‐treated filler in an epoxy matrix for electronic packaging applications. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed improved thermal stability of the SiO₂ /C filler upon microwave treatment. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated partial SiC formation after the microwave treatment. For packaging applications, compared to that of the pure epoxy polymer, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy–SiO₂ /C composite was improved by 178% at 40 wt % content of the microwave‐treated SiO₂ /C filler. Furthermore, an improvement of 149% in storage modulus and 17.6°C in glass transition temperature of the epoxy–SiO₂ /C composites was realized. The improvement in thermal stability of SiO₂ /C filler could be achieved via a simple microwave treatment, which in turn enhanced the thermal stability, thermal conduction, and thermomechanical strength of the electronic packaging materials.     

Extended specificity studies of mRNA assays used to infer human organ tissues and body fluids

Messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling is a technique increasingly applied for the forensic identification of body fluids and skin. More recently, an mRNA‐based organ typing assay was developed which allows for the inference of brain, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, and skin tissue. When applying this organ typing system in forensic casework for the presence of animal, rather than human, tissue is an alternative scenario to be proposed, for instance that bullets carry cell material from a hunting event. Even though mRNA profiling systems are commonly in silico designed to be primate specific, physical testing against other animal species is generally limited. In this study, human specificity of the organ tissue inferring system was assessed against organ tissue RNAs of various animals. Results confirm human specificity of the system, especially when utilizing interpretation rules considering multiple markers per cell type. Besides, we cross‐tested our organ and body fluid mRNA assays against the target types covered by the other assay. Marker expression in the nontarget organ tissues and body fluids was observed to a limited extent, which emphasizes the importance of involving the case‐specific context of the forensic samples in deciding which mRNA profiling assay to use and when for interpreting results.     

Finding Alignment: The Perceptions and Integration of the Next Generation Science Standards Practices by Elementary Teachers

Preparing elementary‐level teachers to teach in alignment with the eight Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) practices could prove to be a daunting endeavor. However, the process may be catalyzed by leveraging elements of teacher science instruction that inherently attend to the practice standards. In this study, we investigated the science instruction of three grade 3–5 elementary‐level teachers. We used observation, interviews, and surveys to determine the level to which the teachers perceived they taught and engaged in teaching science aligned with the eight NGSS practices. We found that the teachers were partially, and intrinsically implementing several of these practices in their instruction, and at the same time could not articulate the eight NGSS practices. Our results suggest there may be ample opportunity to build on the current science instruction of elementary‐level teachers to bring their instruction into alignment with the NGSS. We found that teachers’ perceive professional development, school culture, and access to additional instructional resources to be essential to their adoption of the NGSS practices.     

Focusing on the Needs: Experiences of Developing a Data Science Program

Donoho’s article “50 Years of Data Science” is a well-thought explanation of a newly developed discipline called “data science.” In this article, we examine his explanations and suggestions about data science, follow-up on some of the issues he mentioned, and share our experiences in developing a data science curriculum and the teaching of related courses.     

Panel‐based stratified cluster sampling and analysis for photovoltaic outdoor measurements

We study a stratified multisite cluster‐sampling panel time series approach in order to analyse and evaluate the quality and reliability of produced items, motivated by the problem to sample and analyse multisite outdoor measurements from photovoltaic systems. The specific stratified sampling in spatial clusters reduces sampling costs and allows for heterogeneity as well as for the analysis of spatial correlations due to defects and damages that tend to occur in clusters. The analysis is based on weighted least squares using data‐dependent weights. We show that this does not affect consistency and asymptotic normality of the least squares estimator under the proposed sampling design under general conditions. The estimation of the relevant variance–covariance matrices is discussed in detail for various models including nested designs and random effects. The strata corresponding to damages or manufacturers are modelled via a quality feature by means of a threshold approach. The analysis of outdoor electroluminescence images shows that spatial correlations and local clusters may arise in such photovoltaic data. Further, relevant statistics such as the mean pixel intensity cannot be assumed to follow a Gaussian law. We investigate the proposed inferential tools in detail by simulations in order to assess the influence of spatial cluster correlations and serial correlations on the test's size and power. ©2016 The Authors. Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.